Socialism is a
political term applied to an economic system in which property is held in
common and not individually, and relationships are governed by a political
hierarchy. Common ownership doesn't mean decisions are made collectively,
however. Instead, individuals in positions of authority make decisions in the
name of the collective group. Regardless of the picture painted of socialism by
its proponents, it ultimately removes group decision making in favor of the
choices of one all-important individual.
Socialism originally involved the replacement of private property with a market exchange, but history has proven this ineffective. Socialism cannot prevent people from competing for what is scarce. Socialism as we know it today, most commonly refers to "market socialism," which involves individual market exchanges organized by collective planning.
People often confuse "socialism" with the concept of "communism." While the two ideologies share much in common -- infact communism encompasses socialism -- the primary difference between the two is that "socialism" applies to economic systems, whereas "communism" applies to both economic and political systems.
Another difference between socialism and communism is that communists directly oppose the concept of capitalism, an economic system in which production is controlled by private interests. Socialists, on the other hand, believe socialism can exist within a capitalist society.
Socialism originally involved the replacement of private property with a market exchange, but history has proven this ineffective. Socialism cannot prevent people from competing for what is scarce. Socialism as we know it today, most commonly refers to "market socialism," which involves individual market exchanges organized by collective planning.
People often confuse "socialism" with the concept of "communism." While the two ideologies share much in common -- infact communism encompasses socialism -- the primary difference between the two is that "socialism" applies to economic systems, whereas "communism" applies to both economic and political systems.
Another difference between socialism and communism is that communists directly oppose the concept of capitalism, an economic system in which production is controlled by private interests. Socialists, on the other hand, believe socialism can exist within a capitalist society.
Totalitarianism or totalitarian
state is a term used by some political
scientists to describe a political
system in which the state holds
total authority over the society and seeks to control all aspects of
public and private life wherever possible.[1]
The
concept of totalitarianism was first developed in a positive sense in the 1920s
by the Weimar German jurist, and later Nazi academic, Carl
Schmitt
and Italian
fascists. Schmitt used the term, Totalstaat in
his influential work on the legal basis of an all-powerful state
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